IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON POST NATAL MENTAL HEALTH
Keywords:
COVID-19 pandemic, Mental Health, postpartum depression (PPD)Abstract
Background: In January, 2020 COVID-19 infection was declared a public health emergency characterized as pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). In March 2020, special guidelines were issued to address mental and psychological aspects of the disease survivors and community at large. This study was conducted with the aim to evaluate the psychological impact of COVID-19 on mothers in the postpartum period. Methods: It was cross-sectional study of six months duration on COVID-19 positive deliveries and Covid negative mothers. A total of 84 women (42 Covid Positive and 42 Covid negative) were included through non-probability quota with consecutive sampling technique. Mothers with pre-existing mental health issues, those who had been on medication for any psychological issues or those who suffered from obstetrical and neonatal complications or required transfer to High Dependency Unit (HDU) were excluded from the study. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to screen the women for postpartum depression. Independent sample t test was used for continuous variables and Fisher exact test was used for qualitative variables. Results: Mean EPDS score was 9.48±6.33 in COVID-19 positive group. The sub-scale analysis showed mean scores 1.6±1.76 and 4.86±2.94 for Anhedonia and Anxiety with statistically significant difference. Conclusion: Women experiencing COVID-19 infection during pregnancy were found to have greater anxiety and nervousness in post-natal period compared to their COVID-19 negative counterparts
References
Worldometers. Covid-19 Coronavirus Pansemic. [Internet]. [cited 2021 April 20]. Available from: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
Rajkumar RP. COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian J Psychiatr 2020;52:102066.
Tariq N, Naeem H, Tariq A, Naseem S. Maternal depression and its correlates-a longitudinal study. J Pak Med Assoc 2021;2:1-3.
Anokye R, Acheampong E, Budu-Ainooson A, Obeng EI, Akwasi AG. Prevalence of postpartum depression and interventions utilized for its management. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2018;17(1):18.
Ghaedrahmati M, Kazemi A, Kheirabadi G, Ebrahimi A, Bahrami M. Postpartum depression risk factors: A narrative review. J Educ Health Promot 2017;6:60.
Wu Y, Zhang C, Liu H, Duan C, Li C, Fan J, et al. Perinatal depressive and anxiety symptoms of pregnant women during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in China. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020;223(2):240-1.
Wu Y, Zhang C, Liu H, Duan C, Li C, Fan J, et al. Perinatal depressive and anxiety symptoms of pregnant women along with COVID-19 outbreak in China. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020;223(2):e1-240.e9.
Zanardo V, Manghina V, Giliberti L, Vettore M, Severino L, Straface G. Psychological impact of COVID-19 quarantine measures in northeastern Italy on mothers in the immediate postpartum period. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2020;150(2):184-8.
Zanardo V, Manghina V, Giliberti L, Vettore M, Severino L, Straface G. Psychological impact of COVID-19 quarantine measures in northeastern Italy on mothers in the immediate postpartum period. Int J Gynaecol Obstet ;150(2):184-8.
Slomian J, Honvo G, Emonts P, Reginster JY, Bruyere O. Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes. Women's Health (Lond) 2019;15:1745506519844044.
Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17(5):1729.
Chivers BR, Garad RM, Boyle JA, Skouteris H, Teede HJ, Harrison CL. Perinatal Distress During COVID-19: Thematic Analysis of an Online Parenting Forum. J Med Internet Res 2020;22(9):e22002.
Yim IS, Tanner Stapleton LR, Guardino CM, Hahn-Holbrook J, Dunkel Schetter C. Biological and psychosocial predictors of postpartum depression: Systematic review and call for integration. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2015;11:99-137.
Dashraath P, Wong JJL, Su LL, See KC, Fisher D. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Pregnancy: Responding to a Rapidly Evolving Situation. Obstet Gynecol 2020;136(1):191-2.
Orun E, Yalcin SS, Mutlu B. Relations of maternal psychopathologies, social-obstetrical factors and mother-infant bonding at 2-month postpartum: a sample of Turkish mothers. World J Pediatr 2013;9(4):350-5.
O'Higgins M, Roberts IS, Glover V, Taylor A. Mother-child bonding at 1 year; associations with symptoms of postnatal depression and bonding in the first few weeks. Arch Women's Ment Health 2013;16(5):381-9.
Gagliardi L, Petrozzi A, Rusconi F. Symptoms of maternal depression immediately after delivery predict unsuccessful breast feeding. Arch Dis Child 2012;97(4):355-7.
Gosselin P, Chabot K, Beland M, Goulet-Gervais L, Morin AJ. [Fear of childbirth among nulliparous women: Relations with pain during delivery, post-traumatic stress symptoms, and postpartum depressive symptoms]. Encephale 2016;42(2):191-6.
Fahey JO, Shenassa E. Understanding and meeting the needs of women in the postpartum period: the Perinatal Maternal Health Promotion Model. J Midwifery Womens Health 2013;58(6):613-21.
Director WH. General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19-11 March 2020. EriÅŸim: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-sopening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19-11-march-2020.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad is an OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL which means that all content is FREELY available without charge to all users whether registered with the journal or not. The work published by J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad is licensed and distributed under the creative commons License CC BY ND Attribution-NoDerivs. Material printed in this journal is OPEN to access, and are FREE for use in academic and research work with proper citation. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad accepts only original material for publication with the understanding that except for abstracts, no part of the data has been published or will be submitted for publication elsewhere before appearing in J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. The Editorial Board of J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad makes every effort to ensure the accuracy and authenticity of material printed in J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. However, conclusions and statements expressed are views of the authors and do not reflect the opinion/policy of J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad or the Editorial Board.
USERS are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of open access.
AUTHORS retain the rights of free downloading/unlimited e-print of full text and sharing/disseminating the article without any restriction, by any means including twitter, scholarly collaboration networks such as ResearchGate, Academia.eu, and social media sites such as Twitter, LinkedIn, Google Scholar and any other professional or academic networking site.
