RISK FACTORS FOR URINARY BLADDER CANCER IN BALUCHISTAN

Authors

  • Muhammad Riaz Ahmad
  • Muhammad Khalid Pervaiz
  • Javed Akhtar Chawala

Abstract

Background: Urinary Bladder cancer is a life threatening and aggressive disease. Thisretrospective study was conducted in Baluchistan for assessing the risk factors for urinary bladdercancer. Method: A questionnaire was developed in order to collect the requisite information aboutthe characteristics like age, drinking habits, smoking history, family history of cancer and othersfactors. Interview method was used to obtain the information from 50 cases and 100 controls fromtwo hospitals of the province. Binary logistic regression model was run to study the odds ratiosand 95% confidence intervals. Results: The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for cigarettesmoking, fluid consumption and higher use of fruits were [26.064; 7.645–88.856], [0.161; 0.059–0.441], and [0.206; 0.059–0.725] respectively. Conclusions: The higher risk of urinary bladdercancer was observed in smokers as compared to non-smokers. Higher consumption of fluid andfruits are protective factors against the disease.Keywords: Risk factors, Controls, Odds ratio, Questionnaire, Bladder Cancer

References

Steward BW, Kleinhaus P. World Cancer Report: Lyon: WHOIARC; 2003.

Lousbergh D. Incidence of cancer in the Belgian province of

Limburg, LIKAS, Hasselt, 2003.

Visser O, Coeberg J, Dijck van J, Siesling S. Incidence of cancer

in the Netherlands 1998. Utrecht: Association of comprehensive

cancer centres; 2002.

Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Hao Y, Xu J, Thun MJ. Cancer

statistics, 2009. CA Cancer J Clin 2009;59(4):225–49.

Jemal A, Siegel R, Xu J, Ward E. Cancer statistics, 2010. CA

Cancer J Clin 2011;61(2):133–4.

Rafique M, Javed AA. Role of intravenous urography and

transabdominal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of bladder

carcinoma. Int Braz J Urol 2004;30:185–90.

Sylvester RJ, Oosterlinck W, van der Meijden AP. A single

immediate postoperative instillation of chemotherapy decreases

the risk of recurrence in patients with stage Ta, T1 bladder

cancer: a meta-analysis of published results of randomized

clinical trials. J Urol 2004;171:2186–90.

Burch JD, Rohan TE, Howe GR, Risch HA, Hill GB, Steele

R

, et al. Risk of bladder cancer by source and type of tobacco

exposure: A case control study. Int J Cancer 1989;44:622–8.

Clavel J, Cordier S, Boccon GL, Hemon D. Tobacco and bladder

cancer in males: Increased risk of in halers and smokers of black

tobacco. Int J Cancer 1989;44:605–10.

Morrison AS. Advances in the etiology of urothelial cancer. Urol

Clin North Am 1984;11:557–66.

Howe GR, Burch JD, Miller AB, Cook GM, Esteve J, Morrison

B, et al. Tobacco use, occupation, coffee, various nutrients and

bladder cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1980;64:701–13.

Claus EB, Schildkraut JM, Thompson WE, Risch NJ. The

genetic attributable risk of breast and ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer

;77:2318–24.

Negri E, Vecchia CL. Epidemiology and prevention of bladder

cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 2001;10(1):7–14.

Ahmad MR, Pervaiz MK. Risk factors of urinary bladder cancer

in Peshawar Region of Khyber PukhtoonKhwa. J Ayub Med

Coll Abbottabad 2010;22(1):160–3.

Hosmer DW, Lomeshow S. (Eds). Applied Logistic Regression.

New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1989.

Samanic C, Kogevinas M, Dosemeci M, Malats N, Real

FX, Garcia-Closas M, et al. Smoking and bladder cancer in

Spain: effects of tobacco type, timing, environmental tobacco

smoke, and gender. Cancer Epidemiological Biomarkers Prev

;15:1348–54.

Ugnat AM, Luo W, Semenci WR, Mao Y, Canadian Cancer

Registries Epidemiology Research Group. Occupational

exposure to chemical and petrochemical industries and bladder

cancer risk in four western Canadian provinces. Chronic Dis Can

;25(2):7–15.

Downloads

Published

2012-12-01